To what extent does states can to cooperates from realists perspective Essay

To what extent does states can to cooperates from realists perspective - Essay Example In the modern world, a bunch of subjects compete for attention as a result of the proliferation of issues that every international relations theory seeks to acknowledge (Jan, 2008, p 473; Brown, 1998, p 26). There are three prominent theories that endeavor to explain international relations and cooperation. These are the realism theory, constructivism theory and the liberal theory. This discussion seeks to explore the extent in which countries can cooperate from a realist’s perspective. Cooperation of most states arises in a realist manner where countries unite at the face of adversity. When countries perceive an increasing threat that may interfere with their interests, they collaborate momentarily. For instance, some of the Gulf States joined hands with Saudi Arabia at the looming threat of conflict between Iraq and Iran. As a GCC member state, Saudi Arabia was concerned that some small states may collaborate with either Iran or Iraq, both of which are its adversaries. Saudi Arabia reached for the smaller Gulf States to unite momentary to counter the regional hegemony wars involving Iraq and Iran. Further, cooperation between member states happens when the six states making up the GCC perceive a common interest in the cooperation. Cooperation of the member states happens mostly on economic basis. It is for that reason that there exists fluid cooperation on other aspects affecting individual states. Cooperation in a realist world happens when states have great interest in two principal areas; security and economics. What is realism? Realism theory of international relations views world politics as being advanced by competing self interests. Proponents of realism theory observe that the tensions and relations between countries is a battle of supremacy in which every country wants to preserve and enhance its military security and economic welfare at the expense of other nations. Unlike the liberal theory, that views international relations as a win-win si tuation, realist theory perceives international relations as a zero-sum game. This implies that gains in one nation come at the cost of others (Gismondi, 2008). Conventional realism stemmed from the failure to maintain peace after world war one. Realist theory is linked with terms such as realpolitik, geopolitics and balance of power. Realism theory presents grim view of global relations as being in a unending state of conflict and war. Power, economic and material possessions, capabilities and security motivate and guide state more than humanity and altruism values. Modern realism Modern realism started as a reaction to the breakdown of the international order of the post world war one in 1930s. The collapse of great power cooperation after the Second World War helped form realism as the dominant approach to the premise and application of global politics in the United States. During the cold war, endeavors to replace realism from its prevailing position were continuously disillusio ned by the unending salience of the soviet-America antagonism. The cold war antagonism, however, ended in early 1990s after the disintegration of the Soviet Union, leaving United States as the key superpower. However, china is emerging as a superpower, countering the United States unipolar moment. Basic tenets of realism theo

Act Utilitarianism Essay Example for Free

Act Utilitarianism Essay I believe torture is morally justifiable/permissible only with situations, in which you can guarantee the best possible outcome. In this particular situation with the bomber, I believe we should take the Utilitarian-Act Consequentialism approach; and torture the bomber as an attempt to get him to reveal the location. Simply because, Act Consequentialism will focus more on the overall happiness that it will bring to all those involved. Seeing as how they have apprehended the bomber, and interrogated him to no avail. It is the police commissioners only hope to confirm the publics’ faith in the system; which should clearly be capable in making decisions that are ugly but necessary, for securing the safety of others. I believe that Act Consequentialism allows for the attempt to torture both the bomber alongside his wife, if it leads to the discovery of the bomb. An excerpt in which describes my reasoning in the belief that Act Consequentialism will allows this notion is: Act Consequentialism holds that the good determines the right the only consideration relevant to the rightness of an act is the amount of goodness it produces. 1 (McNaughton and Piers Rawlings pg32) from David McNaughton and Piers Rawlings essay on Deontology. Versus the Kantian and Rule Consequentialism of utilitarianism which would believe that this is morally wrong, despite of the lives that could be saved. Rule Consequentialism and Deontology are very similar in their beliefs. For example, this was said in regards to Rule Consequentialism: In particular, rule consequentialism is likely to include constraints, options, and special obligations. There will, for example, be a fairly simple rule against killing the innocent, since the adoption of a more complicated rule that allowed killing in pursuit of the good would be hard to follow. 2 (McNaughton and Piers Rawlings pg34) An example written in regards to Kantianism, the foundation of Deontology states the idea: We are not morally bound by any alleged requirement unless it is backed by principles that we can recognize as what we ourselves, as a rational, self-governing persons, will for ourselves and others. 3 (Kantianism pg237) Showing that the Kantian and Rule Utilitarianism, uses the same filter in most situations to determine the best action. The main idea at the core is still a form of the Golden Rule, do onto others as you want done unto you. For who would make a moral law to torture humans? Therefore it is not morally permissible from a Kantian and Rule Utilitarian approach, because it is clearly immoral to torture people for any purpose. Therefore this belief will lead to the murdering of hundreds of innocent people. Thus leading to a very catastrophic situation; not only for those involved, but as well as the world. Do we remember the effects of terrorism in a free country? Not to mention the main medium affected in making this decision will be the police commissioner. Will he live in a perpetual state of what if if he doesnt act? Seeing as how he is the person who decides to make this call. This is the reason I feel the Act Consequentialism approach is necessary in this scenario. Just the sheer fact that these people are once again, innocent and have done no crime; therefore should not have to suffer because of the bomber decisions or point he may be proving. The Act Consequentialist may take into account, the overall possibility to effect more than just the hundred people, but the effect it would have on the rest of the world (the universal outcome). Meaning we have to understand the consequences that this will have not only on the victims but also the rest of the world who witnesses these acts. This to me would morally be the right thing to do regardless of the Kantian approach. Simply because, this outcome may be more beneficial to people, thus promoting happiness and safety to more people. Although my solution will still give us fear in the name of terrorism; it will however instill the belief in the protection police provide, not to mention their ability to make great choices, thus leading to a stronger and safer country. We can see an example of this in our own society daily. For example, you have some military soldiers who have killed many people in the sake of good, yet feel no guilt. Possibly because they are reminded of the overall benefit they provided to our nation, as well as the safety that they have provided; which may not have been possible, if they enacted upon that situation differently. So this is the main reason why I believe torture would be morally justifiable in this situation to torture the bomber as well as the wife; in a desperate attempt to save innocent people. Clearly because it could lead to the safety of more people and the security of a nation, in which we are all tied in together. This still can be seen as a good outcome because of the attempts taken. Or better yet assuming that this decision will actually work in the discovery of the bombs saving the people would still be a good outcome. However I can truly understand that the unpredictability of the situations outcome, is yet another motivation that would encourage a Kantian or Rule Consequentialist to stand its moral ground; however, differing from my own ideas of this situation. Feeling, that something needs to be done, instead of watching such an injustice.

The Industrial Revolution Of Mass Media Media Essay

The Industrial Revolution Of Mass Media Media Essay More than half of the worlds population is under 30-years-old and only 4 of them have not joined a social network yet. It took 38 years for Radio to reach 50 million users and 13 years for TV. Facebook reported a rise of 200 million users in less than a year (Social Media Revolution, 2010). 48 hours of video will be uploaded to Youtube in the next two minutes (Youtube Fact Sheet, 2010). Media consumption takes up almost a half of an average individuals time and, although live TV remains the favourite channel in most peoples media diets, new medias popularity is growing at an incredible rate (Ofcom, 2010). One quarter of the search results for the worlds largest brands are links to user-generated content and 78 of consumers trust the online peer reviews recommendations of a product or service (Qualman, 2010). In this context, it is no longer a choice, but a necessity, for PR professionals today to consider the numerous Web 2.0 tools and technologies and redesign their communication strategies around customers social activity. In order to adapt to the current media trends, most newspapers today are developing blogs, uploading video content to their website, offer e-newsletter subscription and so on. This may indicate that the channel is not as important to the media consumer as the content is. The combination between the old media of broadcasting and newspapers and the new one, of data communications, delivered on a single device, is referred to, by most analysts, as media convergence. A recent example of old-new media convergence is represented by the merger between the US magazine Newsweek and the news and blogs website The Daily Beast into a new entity named The Newsweek Daily Beast(Media Week, 2010). In his book Convergence culture: where old and new media collide Jenkins (2006:2) uses three different concepts media convergence, participatory culture, and collective intelligence to describe the convergence culture; in other words, it is the flow of information across a myriad of media industries, the collaboration between these media and the nomadic behaviour of media consumers in search of their desired kinds of entertainment, that define the term of convergence culture. The author implies that convergence is not just a technological concept, unifying various media in a single device, but a cultural and social one, encouraging consumers to act as communities, rather than individuals. Jenkins (2006) states that convergence culture impacts both the way media is produced and the way it is consumed, highlighting the changing relationships between media producers and consumers in todays online environment, sometimes their efforts reinforcing each other, other times conflicting with each other. He shows that convergence is driven by corporations (on a top-down level) when media companies are speeding up the flow of information to increase consumer involvement and hence revenues, and also by consumers (on a bottom-up level), who are demanding more and more control over the media content, the right to take part in the creation of it and the ability to access it wherever they go (Jenkins, 2006). Internet has changed the entire PR industry: the way PR professionals view their roles, the delivery of effective communication and the way a brand interacts with its customers (Solis Breakenridge, 2009). Unlike the old, traditional media consumers, the new consumers are active, migratory between different networks or media, socially connected and noisy, and media producers who fail to respond adequately to this new culture may encounter a loss of goodwill and decrease in revenues (Jenkins, 2006). With the democratization of media, monologue becomes dialogue and people are complementing the existence of PR professionals, becoming the main influencers (Breakenridge, 2008). Breakenridge (2008) draws attention on the importance of constant and targeted research during the whole lifecycle of a brand, highlighting the multiple opportunities available in the 2.0 world. Among these, there is the ability to monitor and analyse customer behaviour and determine how well is the brand received in the market. Furthermore, businesses can keep themselves informed and up-to-date on their competitors, but also understand their main influencers, such as the media, using a wide array of research tools available on the Internet, from the free search engines to the paid service providers. The convergence of the Internet and the public relations profession into PR 2.0 opened new doors for business communicators, who can now reach their customers directly, in ways PR pros have not experienced before: through blogs, social networking, Really Simple Syndication (RSS) technology, webcasts or podcasts.

Plato Vs Socrates Essay -- Philosophy

Plato's point of view is different from many other peoples. He says that people do wrong not because they are inherently evil, but because they are unclear about what is best for them. While the good truly is good, the pleasant do not know good and therefore have the incorrect belief of good. He is saying someone who is good knows what good is and those who do not do good do not know good itself. Plato believes that the contemporary society is mistaken about their interpretations of good and pleasant. Society believes that good is pleasant. Plato portrays this message through the mouth piece of Socrates. The philosopher Polus argues that good is made by the possessor. He says one can achieve good through their actions. Good is achievable by all, different to all and can be attained by the possessor through good actions. Socrates argues that his definition is correct. He says civilization does good not for good itself but for other reasons. He says, humans do make the medicine for the sake of medicine but they make this to improve the health and well-being of someone. People are concerned about the results of the good they are doing rather than the action of doing good itself. Socrates mentions that a long distance runner does not run incredibly long distances just for the thrill of running, but the runner runs these long distances to maintain his health and to stay fit. Socrates gives Polus an example as to how his definition of good is wrong. Kings are faced with criminals everyday that must be punished for their wrongful actions. The criminals must be put to death supposedly for the "good of the state." This is one example of how a ruler or possessor does what he does he thinks is good. Th... ...in of thirst from ourselves and pleasuring ourselves with drink. I also question what Socrates says about wrong being an individuals opinion rather than a standard by which we live. It seems like Socrates is saying that no one has morals and society can do wrong and not even realize it. It sounds like humans do not know the difference between right and wrong. He seems as though he knows all and has all the right answers. There is also another way at looking at what Socrates says here. Everybody lives a different lifestyle. Some people live a life dedicated to a certain religion and some people are part of the mafia or live in street alleys. Everyone is going to have their own position on what is wrong and what is not. Even though stealing is wrong homeless people may argue that they needs food to survive and stealing it is the only way they can get it.

LPN Scope of Practice Essay

The Nurse is defined by the University of North Carolina as â€Å"the leader in providing compassionate, quality care, focusing on the unique needs of patients and their families.† It goes on to define the Nurse as someone who â€Å"collaborates with patients families and other health team members to plan and provide Nursing care that will achieve an optimal level of health and wellness, or when this is not possible, support the experience of loss and death.† I completely agree with these statements. Deciding to take on the role of a Nurse shows the selflessness of the person. It is making the decision to put someone else before one’s self. It is the act of transforming from whatever type of person they are on the outside of the work place, and becoming someone who is non-judgmental, optimistic, positive, caring, empathetic and has the understanding ability to be able to provide care while respecting the patient’s wishes and beliefs. I feel as if certain c haracteristics of the Nurse are not taught. These are personality traits that we are born with and whether or not we utilize them, is up to us. Other Characteristics of the Nursing role, I feel are obtained by training and education. For example, inserting a Foley catheter, or any sterile procedure for this matter, training has to take place for the Nurse to properly insert the catheter. We have to be trained how to properly open the package, how to move so that sterility isn’t broken and know proper techniques to insert the catheter. The Nurse must be trained on how to do this skill but unless she is educated, then the skill is useless. The Nurse is educate on rationales to each step, i.e.: Why am I doing this?, What am I  looking for? What do I do If this happens? How will this affect the patient? Nursing is an incredibly interesting field with many doors of opportunity. It is a field that interests me greatly. There are so many different areas of nursing which makes the learning process never ending. While pursuing my Nursing license, I find it extremely comforting to know that if I ever feel â€Å"burnt out† on a specific area of the field, I can move on to different areas. I am not obligated to do the same type of Nursing for the rest of my life. My options are endless. While comparing the roles of the Licensed Practical Nurse in North Carolina versus South Carolina, I was a little surprised at some of the differences. I had a very hard time finding specific skills that an LPN in NC could perform. We are directed straight other pages which don’t necessarily directly state do’s and don’ts. Some skills with both North Carolina and South Carolina can be performed by the LPN if, and only if, the employer has documentation of proper training, continuing educations courses, verification of skill competency by at least an RN, and frequent evaluation of the Nurse’s competency of completion with the skill being performed, on file. Both states have set rules on how much continuing education is necessary or how frequent the skill competencies should be evaluated. Both States allow the Licensed Practical Nurse to assist in preforming the initial assessment but are not allowed to make nursing diagnoses. They both allow the LPN to verify blood with an RN but LPNs are not allowed to hang blood. Neither state allow the LPN’s to do any pulmonary artery pressure or pronounce death. Also, in South Carolina the Licensed Practical Nurse cannot evaluate or stage p ressure ulcers, they can only document on the observations of the ulcer once the RN have evaluated and staged it. In North Carolina, the LPN can first assess and size the wound or ulcer or even change the dressing under a specific order and a Registered Nurse will verify the LPN’s evaluation. South Carolina does not allow LPNs to do any arterial punctures, but they can manage the site; LPN’s in North Carolina can complete arterial punctures for the collection of blood. The two differences that fascinated me the most dealt with acupuncture and cosmetic procedures. In North Carolina, the LPN, or the RN, cannot practice acupuncture. It is prohibited, unless an individual has completed a 3 year postgraduate acupuncture college or training program verified by the state. In South Carolina, an LPN can practice acupuncture  under a Licensed Acupuncturist as long as he/she has been trained under the employer, it is documented, and a request to practice has been approved by the state. With cosmetic procedures, in South Carolina a Licensed Practical Nurse can only apply chemical peels with less than twenty percent acid solutions and they may also do a microdermabrasion under a dermatologist. In North Carolina, a Licensed Practical Nurse can do a broad range of skills in the cosmetology field. He/She may give a microdermabrasion, chemical peels, give Botox, collagen injections and laser hair removal. With Botox and Collagen injections affecting the appearance so greatly, it is hard to believe that this is a skill that an LPN can become properly trained on. The Charge Nurse role is defined by the North Carolina Board of Nursing as â€Å"an RN who supervises and manages patient care delivery settings or groups of clients, usually for designated time periods.† It also defines the Nurse-In-Charge role as â€Å"the assigned role and responsibility of an LPN who participates in assuming the implementation of established health care plans for a designated number of clients under RN supervision.† Basically how I interpreted this was, the LPN can be the Manager when the Manager is away. The Licensed Practical Nurse will continue to work in the appropriate scope of practice and report to the Registered Nurse. The LPN will call to report updates or for guidance in certain situations. If the task at hand is not in the scope of practice for the LPN, the RN will be called to come in to make decisions or perform the tasks. Working in a long term care facility has helped me better understand the difference between the two, although we do not use the term Nurse-In-Charge as often as we should. On weekends we have two specific Nurses who work opposite weekends of each other and are delegated the responsibility of being the Nurse-In-Charge. On Fridays, before our Charge Nurse leaves for the weekend, she will do a quick run through with the Nurse-In-Charge for the weekend. They go through and talk about the â€Å"what if’s?† for the weekend, and what to do and not to do. These Nurses also know when a phone call needs to be placed to the Charge Nurse. Throughout the weekend, they call with updates and notify the Charge Nurse of any changes that have or are occurring with any health statuses of the Residents. Depending on the situation, the RN delegates appropriate tasks in the LPN’s scope of practice over the phone or, if another RN is not in the building, she will come into work if needed. It is said that we,  ourselves, are our biggest critics. For me this is extremely true, so when it came to trying to determine my strengths, it took a while. Based on what others have told me, I’ve got an abundance of patience and I also have good communication skills. I’ve always had strong relationships with my residents and their family members. When trying to decide what my strengths were, I had to ask myself â€Å"Why do the y like me?†, â€Å"Why do they treat me as if I’m a part of their family?† â€Å"Why do they trust me?†. What came to mind was the way I talk to them. I speak to residents and families the way I would hope to be spoken to, if the roles were reversed. I believe that good communication skills, including the ability to listen, would be something positive I could bring to the role of the LPN. I hope to be an influence to other Nurses who come in with bad attitudes and forget that their patients are humans too. To remember that even though they may be a â€Å"frequent flyer†, they are still human, they still make mistakes, and more than likely are in desperate need of kind words. I hope to influence others when it comes to being open minded and influence them when they go to pass judgment. I hope to bring more compassion, optimism, acceptance and leadership to the LPN Role. My weaknesses are my confidence in my decisions and my abilities. I second guess myself a lot and I constantly double check myself. This could work both ways, good and bad. I look for reassurance from others to ensure that I am right and I know that I won’t always be in a position where I can be reassured. I want to gain the confidence without becoming â€Å"the know it all.† A good quality Nurse is one who’s always willing to learn. Another weakness I have is my inability to handle the emotions of the family members during the harder times. Times like these are very awkward for me and I would like to get stronger in my ability to be comforting and supportive. I usually try to avoid these situations as much as possible because the wall that holds my emotions in during these times, is very thin. I need to learn how to be emotionally professional while still remaining to be human. Resources NURSE–IN-CHARGE ASSIGNMENT TO LPN Position Statement for RN and LPN Practice. (1996, January 2). Retrieved November 23, 2014, from http://www.ncbon.com/myfiles/downloads/position-statements-decision-trees/nur se-in-charge.pdf LPN Scope of Practice Clarification. (2010, January 1). Retrieved November 23, 2014, from http://www.ncbon.com/myfiles/downloads/position-statements-decision- trees/lpn-position-statement.pdf Mission and Philosophy. (n.d.). Retrieved November 23, 2014, from http://nursing.unc.edu/about/philosophy-of-nursing-and-nursing-education/ Infusion Therapy/ Access Procedures. (1998, May 1). Retrieved November 23, 2014, from http://www.ncbon.com/myfiles/downloads/position-statements-decision-trees/infusion-therapy.pdf South Carolina Board of Nursing. (1989, November 1-Revised 2014, July 1). Retrieved November 23, 2014, from http://www.llr.state.sc.us/pol/nursing/index.asp?file=AdvisoryOp/advisoryop.htm

Capital Structure Paper Essays - Financial Ratios, Steve Jobs

Capital Structure Paper Essays - Financial Ratios, Steve Jobs Capital Structure Paper Capital Structure Paper FIN/419 May 25, 2015 Maria Johnson Capital Structure Paper A companys capital structure is one of the most important aspects of a successful and functioning business. When analyzing a capital structure, the short term and long term debts should be evaluated thoroughly. The level of debts-to-equity ratio should be balanced; not too high and not too low, as being in any one of these ranges could be viewed negatively. Evaluate how a change in the long term debt of a company will affect their companys operating result. This paper will discuss the different effects of an increase in the long term debt of a capital structure and how those effects will impact the corporations leverage. Recommendations on the optimal capital structure to maximize shareholder wealth. Ten Percent Long Term Debt Increase As of September 27th, 2015, Apple Inc.s long term debt was resting at exactly $28,987,000. A ten percent increase in the long term debt of Apple Inc. would have a relatively small impact across the board for the company. At 28.99 million, a ten percent increase in the long term debt raises things up to 31.89 million. These numbers are very close together, and it is safe to say that a lot of things within the company would not be altered by very much due to this change in long term debt. The multi-billion dollar corporation does not need to put much thought towards numbers as small as a million or two. Much unlike some other companies and business struggling to reach a point of success that could even be considered half as good as Apples current place. It is important for everyone to remember that the status Apple has managed to attain did not come to them without a large and difficult amount of hard work, innovative ideas, quality goods being manufactured by the corporation for sale to the masses, and possibly most importantly a sound long term financial plan. Apple Inc. is a company that is making enough money on a regular basis that such an increase could potentially be looked over in favor of more pressing concerns that will have a larger impact on its financial status. But then again, such could be expected from the electronic titan with a look back at its history in terms of finances and debt. According to Pressman (1993) Apple Computer Inc.'s first long-term debt offering, expected later this summer, received a preliminary A rating from Standard & Poor's and a prospective A2 rating from Moody's Investors Service last week. The Cupertino, Calif.-based computer maker, which has issued commercial paper in the past, filed a registration statement with the Securities and Exchange Commission earlier this month to sell as much as $500 million of long-term debt securities". The two credit agencies said they based their ratings on the company's conservative capital structure and its ranking as the second largest seller of computers. The company's profit margins have been shrinking for several years, but sales have steadily increased since Apple implemented a low- cost, high-volume strategy, the credit analysts said (p. 3). With these numbers so far behind the company; over twenty years ago, it is fairly easy to see how they could be doing as well as they are in the market today. Change in Capital Structure A ten percent increase in long term debt at the same current cost of debt increases the operating leverage as long as the company is making regular fixed interest payments on that debt. Operating leverage only includes fixed expenses in the production of a product. According to marketwatch.com (5/2015), Apple increased its total sales revenue from $170.87 billion to $182.35 billion or 6.72 percent from 2013 to 2014. Apple submitted Form 10-K to the SEC in 2014, and it listed the Total operating expense as $18.03 billion. Apple (9/2014) also provided its 2014 effective tax rate as 26.1% and its interest expense as $384 million. With this information, we can calculate Apples EBIT for 2014 which is sales revenue minus operating expense. This figure comes to 164.32b which is important because if the long term debt increases by 10 percent then it effectively decreases the total amount of revenue. The Form 10-K submitted (9/2015) also states Long-term debt